Pandemic Stress Testing Can Be an Investment with a Huge ROI

With the right approach, the potential Return on Investment (ROI) from pandemic stress testing is quite significant. Most community banks treat stress testing as a check-the-box exercise when they should be viewing it as a strategic one. As a result, this naturally leads them to think about stress testing as an expense instead of an investment.

Since we are in a belt-tightening period as community banks struggle with declining profitability from NIM compression and rising credit costs, many banks will make the mistake of being penny-wise and pound-foolish with stress testing.

For a pandemic stress test to produce an ROI, it must have certain capabilities. In March, I posed five questions that every bank CEO must ask the person in charge of stress testing.  If any answer is “no,” then the bank’s stress testing is an expense weighing down profits, not an investment unlocking value.

Unfortunately, most stress testing systems in the industry fail the ROI test. Loan-level stress tests focused on shocking the net operating income on CRE loans are problematic in good times and virtually useless in a pandemic. Top-down stress tests are even worse, and risk providing management and the board with a false sense of comfort or concern.

However, stress testing can be one of the best investments a bank can make, especially now. If you don’t want to leave money on the table, read on for a summary of the primary drivers of ROI that a properly designed stress testing system can provide:

1. You can pre-empt regulatory concerns. Make no mistake about it. Regulators will be scrutinizing a bank’s ability to manage COVID-19 risks. While stress testing is not an explicit requirement, they will expect banks to be doing everything that you can get with a properly constructed stress test. No other tool can do it better.

“Examiners should determine whether management’s assessment of credit risk reasonably reflects the institution’s asset quality, given the prevailing economic conditions in its business markets…examiners should assess management’s understanding of the pandemic’s effects on the institutions earnings prospects and capital adequacy.”  

— Interagency Examiner Guidance for Assessing Safety and Soundness Considering the Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Institutions

At the end of the day, it’s all about trust. Can the regulators trust your bank to manage risk and capital? If the answer is no, that’s when exams end with MRAs, MOUs, and consent orders.  These types of regulatory actions can cost hundreds of thousands, if not, millions of dollars. The most visible way these costs manifest themselves is by having to spend excess money on compliance and lawyers. But the real killer more often comes from the constraints regulatory actions can have on loan growth, deposit costs, and reputation.

Stress testing can be an extraordinarily powerful tool to help banks demonstrate they have full command over risk and capital. In fact, if done properly, it can often make the difference between receiving and avoiding an MRA, as one banker recently experienced.

2. You can free up capital to generate earnings in the future. Stress testing is the holy grail tool used by regulators to customize capital requirements for the large banks. They do this explicitly through the "Stress Capital Buffer." A $1 billion bank that effectively uses a pandemic stress test to customize its capital requirement at 8 percent instead of a one-size-fits-all threshold such as the 9 percent Community Bank Leverage Ratio[1] essentially creates (or preserves) $10 million of dry powder. This freed-up capital can eventually be invested to generate returns for shareholders. Ten million dollars of extra dry powder unlocked from stress testing can produce more than $1 million of additional earnings every year. 

Optimizing your capital is critical now because disruptive environments also produce the most opportunities. Market share standings will shift, with some banks paralyzed by the post-pandemic economy and others in a position to pounce. Customers will change hands. Talent will move.  M&A will accelerate. Stress testing can not only provide the capital to fuel these offensive actions, it can also outline which path your bank should take to target specific opportunities, giving you crucial documentation to take to your board and regulators.

3. You can identify problems sooner and mitigate loan losses. Any stress test worth its salt should be able, at its core, to tell you where the problems are likely to be before they become problems. The sooner those credits are identified, the sooner their risks can be proactively managed.  This translate to mitigated loan losses, which can also equate to hundreds of thousands, if not millions of dollars saved. The key is to be forward-looking, and stress testing is the ultimate forward-looking tool for identifying and quantifying credit risk, if it’s driven by loan-level information.
   
4. You can optimize and support your loan loss reserve. The loan loss provision expense is the most difficult line item to manage on the P&L. The pandemic and the delay in actual loan losses, thanks to the stimulus, have magnified the difficulty of managing this line item. No bank wants to be under-reserved, but nobody wants to over-reserve either. While perfection is impossible, banks can use stress testing to guide their loan loss reserving process for both CECL and the incurred loss method. The reality is that banks do not have material losses in good times, mostly in bad ones. Stress testing, by design, projects loan losses in bad times. By using your stress tests to inform, if not drive, your economic q-factor in your general reserve, you now have data and analytics to hang your hat on. Since you won’t be shooting in the dark, this approach avoids erring too much on the conservative side, saving you from recording unnecessary expenses. It gives you the ammunition to support and defend your reserve with your auditors and examiners, who will be paying particular attention:

“In assessing whether the ALLL or ACLs are appropriate, examiners will assess whether management has considered relevant available information about the collectability of the institution’s loan portfolio, along with any changes to the institution’s lending practices and economic conditions as a result of the pandemic. Examiners should evaluate how an institution considered the effect of the pandemic in its ALLL or ACLs estimation process, as applicable, and whether the resulting estimates are in conformity with GAAP and regulatory reporting requirements. Additionally, examiners will assess management’s process for updating estimates of loan losses in the ALLL or ACLs, as applicable, as the institution obtains additional information.”

— Interagency Examiner Guidance for Assessing Safety and Soundness Considering the Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Institutions

Wrap Up

When you begin adding up even conservative estimates, the ROI for pandemic stress testing becomes clear. The benefits, both in terms of earnings created and earnings preserved, dwarf the costs of implementing a well-designed stress test.

Community banks have a choice: They can minimize expenses by taking a check-the-box approach toward stress testing, or they can generate a significant ROI by viewing stress testing as an investment. If you choose the latter approach, just make sure that your stress testing has all the capabilities necessary to unlock these massive returns.

[1] The CBLR is temporarily at 8 percent per the CARES Act but returns to 9 percent in phases by January 1, 2022.